Substance-Free Athletics Sources
Introducing the latest from Substance-Free Athletics:
Substance-Free Arts & Music
Protect Your Passion
Program Sources:
1. Arts education / participation
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). School Pulse Panel: Arts Education, November 2024. U.S. Department of Education.
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/spp/results.asp
Used for: Recent national context on arts education opportunities in U.S. public schools.
2. Creative brain networks
Beaty, R. E., et al. (2019). Network neuroscience of creative cognition: Mapping cognitive mechanisms and individual differences in the creative brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 27, 22–30.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6428436/
Used for: Supports creativity as an interaction among large-scale brain systems; goal-directed memory retrieval, internally focused attention, inhibition/cognitive control, and cooperation between default-mode and executive-control systems.
3. Default Mode Network and creativity
Beaty, R. E., et al. (2014). Creativity and the default network: A functional connectivity analysis of the creative brain at rest. Neuropsychologia, 64, 92–98.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4410786/
Used for: Supports the role of the default mode network and its connectivity with other systems in creative cognition.
4. Creative idea production and network dynamics
Beaty, R. E., et al. (2018). Creative constraints: Brain activity and network dynamics underlying semantic interference during idea production. NeuroImage.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6083214/
Used for: Supports interactions between spontaneous/default-mode and executive-control processes during creative idea production.
5. Hippocampus and memory
Moscovitch, M., et al. (2005). Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: A unified account based on multiple trace theory. Journal of Anatomy, 207(1), 35–66.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1571502/
Used for: Supports the hippocampal system’s role in memory encoding and retrieval; used for the Remember + Retrieve section.
6. Dopamine and creative cognition
Boot, N., Baas, M., van Gaal, S., Cools, R., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2017). Creative cognition and dopaminergic modulation of fronto-striatal networks: Integrative review and research agenda. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 78, 13–23.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28419830/
Used for: Supports links between creative cognition, fronto-striatal systems, dopamine, and flexible versus persistent processing.
7. Dopamine, motivation, salience and learning
Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010). Dopamine in motivational control: Rewarding, aversive, and alerting. Neuron, 68(5), 815–834.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3032992/
Used for: Supports dopamine as more than a 'pleasure chemical,' including roles in motivational value, salience/alerting and learning.
8. Dopamine reward prediction error
Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23–32.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4826767/
Used for: Supports dopamine’s role in reward prediction and learning from outcomes.
9. Default Mode Network review
Luchini, S., Volle, E., & Beaty, R. E. (2025). The role of the default mode network in creativity. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 65, 101551.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154625000701
Used for: Recent review supporting the DMN’s contribution to associative and creative cognition and its interaction with other networks.
10. Neurobiology / neurocircuitry of addiction
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6135092/
Used for: Supports addiction-related neuroadaptation involving reward/motivation, stress/negative affect and executive-control circuitry.
11. Neurocircuitry of addiction
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217–238.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2805560/
Used for: Foundational review for reward learning, repeated drug exposure and addiction neurocircuitry.
12. Music and dopamine
Salimpoor, V. N., et al. (2011). Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. Nature Neuroscience, 14(2), 257–262.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21217764/
Used for: Supports endogenous dopamine release in striatal regions during anticipation and experience of peak emotional responses to music.
13. Dehydration and cognition — meta-analysis
Wittbrodt, M. T., & Millard-Stafford, M. (2018). Dehydration impairs cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(11), 2360–2368. PMID: 29933347.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29933347/
Used for: Supports small cognitive-performance effects associated with dehydration, including attention, executive function and motor coordination.
14. Hydration and executive function
Katz, B., et al. (2021). Does hydration status influence executive function? A systematic review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 121(7), 1284–1305. PMID: 33547031.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547031/
Used for: Supports the nuanced/mixed evidence on hydration and executive functions such as working memory, inhibition and attention.
15. Hypohydration and cognition
Goodman, S. P. J., Moreland, A. T., & Marino, F. E. (2019). The effect of active hypohydration on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiology & Behavior, 204, 297–308. PMID: 30876770.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30876770/
Used for: Important counterbalance: found no significant overall cognitive impairment, supporting careful language that hydration/cognition evidence is mixed.
16. Alcohol and next-day cognition
Gunn, C., et al. (2018). A systematic review of the next-day effects of heavy alcohol consumption on cognitive performance. Addiction, 113(12), 2182–2193.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6282576/
Used for: Supports next-day effects on memory, sustained attention and psychomotor speed. Adult/young-adult evidence; not adolescent-specific effect estimates.
17. Alcohol and sleep architecture
Gardiner, C., et al. (2025; published online 2024). The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 80, 102030.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39631226/
Used for: Supports alcohol-related changes in sleep architecture, including delayed REM onset and reduced REM duration. Adult evidence.
18. Cannabis and creativity
Kowal, M. A., et al. (2015). Cannabis and creativity: Highly potent cannabis impairs divergent thinking in regular cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 232, 1123–1134. PMID: 25288512; PMCID: PMC4336648.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4336648/
Used for: Controlled THC-dose study: low dose did not measurably improve creativity; high-potency THC impaired divergent-thinking performance.
19. Adolescent cannabis use and neurodevelopment
Albaugh, M. D., et al. (2021). Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(9), 1031–1040. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8209561/
Used for: Supports an association between adolescent cannabis use and accelerated age-related cortical thinning, particularly in prefrontal regions. Association does not establish causation.
20. CDC — Cannabis and Brain Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cannabis and Brain Health.
https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/health-effects/brain-health.html
Used for: Supports cannabis-related effects on memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination and reaction time, and relevance during brain development.
21. NIDA/NIH — Cannabis resources
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA/NIH). Cannabis (Marijuana) research and DrugFacts resources.
https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/cannabis-marijuana
Used for: Used for THC/cannabinoid pharmacology, cannabis effects and addiction/neuroadaptation background.
22. CDC — Electronic cigarettes / vaping
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Vaping / About Electronic Cigarettes.
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/health-effects.html
Used for: Supports nicotine addiction, adolescent brain-development concerns, and health effects of e-cigarette use.
23. Nicotine and the adolescent brain
Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2015). Nicotine and the adolescent brain. The Journal of Physiology, 593(16), 3397–3412.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4560573/
Used for: Supports adolescent vulnerability to nicotine and effects involving developing reward, executive-function and motivated-behavior systems.
24. CDC — Youth nicotine resources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth.
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/youth.html
Used for: Supports youth-specific nicotine/e-cigarette education and developmental concerns.
25. CDC — Prescription opioid basics
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Opioid Basics / Rx Awareness.
https://www.cdc.gov/rx-awareness/information/index.html
Used for: Supports basic opioid education, including legitimate medical use and risks of misuse, addiction and overdose.
26. FDA — Safe disposal of unused medicines
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know.
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know
Used for: Supports take-back/mail-back and FDA safe-disposal guidance for unused medications.
Note on duplicate slide citations: Kowal et al. (2015), Boot et al. (2017), and Koob & Volkow are cited on multiple slides but are listed once here as full Works Cited entries.